We explain what RNA is, how is its structure and the different functions it fulfills. In addition, its classification and differences with DNA.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is one of the elementary nucleic acids for life , in charge of DNA synthesis ( protein deoxyribonucleic acid) in the work of protein synthesis and genetic inheritance.
This acid is present inside both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells , and even as the only genetic material of certain types of viruses (RNA Virus), and consists of a single chain molecule of nucleotides (ribonucleotides) formed in turn for a sugar (ribose), a phosphate and one of the four nitrogenous bases that make up the genetic code: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.
It is usually a linear and single-chain molecule (single chain), and fulfills a variety of functions within the cell complex , which makes it a versatile executor of the information contained in the DNA.
RNA was discovered next to DNA in 1867 , by Friedrich MIescher, who called them nuclein and isolated them from the cell nucleus , although their existence was also proven in prokaryotic cells, without a nucleus. The mode of RNA synthesis in the cell was later discovered by the Spanish Severo Ochoa Albornoz, winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1959.
The understanding of how RNA operates and its importance for life and evolution, made possible the emergence of thesis on the origin of life, such as the one that intuits in 2016 that the molecules of this nucleic acid were the first forms of life in exist (in the RNA world hypothesis ).
Both DNA and RNA are formed by a chain of units known as monomers , which are repeated and called nucleotides; these are linked together by negatively charged phosphodiester bonds. Each of these nucleotides is composed of:
These components are organized based on three structural levels, which are:
RNA fulfills numerous functions, the most important being protein synthesis , in which it copies the genetic order contained in the DNA to use it as a standard in the manufacture of proteins and enzymes and various substances necessary for the cell and the organism. For this, it goes to the ribosomes, which operate as a kind of molecular protein factory, and it does so following the pattern that the DNA prints on it.
There are several types of RNA, depending on their primary function:
The difference between RNA and DNA is based, first of all, on its constitution: as has been said, the RNA has a nitrogen base different (uracil) from thymine and is composed of a sugar other than deoxyribose (ribose).
Apart from that, DNA has a double helix in its structure , that is, RNA is a more complex and small molecule, which has much less time to live in our cells.
However, their differences are deeper, since DNA serves as an information bank, an orderly pattern of the elementary sequence that allows us to build our body’s proteins; while the ARN is its reader, transcriber and executor : the one in charge of reading the code, interpreting it and materializing it.
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