We explain what poverty is, its causes, consequences and the types of poverty that exist. In addition, figures in Mexico and the world.
It is a socioeconomic condition in which resources are scarce , or the tools necessary to acquire them on a regular basis. Those who suffer from it cannot satisfy their basic physical and mental needs , which guarantee an adequate quality of life : food , housing, health care, formal education.
In some cases it also implies the lack of access to basic services such as electricity, drinking water, telephone line, etc. In other words, poverty is much more than the mere lack of capital.
There are multiple social, economic and even psychological factors involved in poverty, and also different ways of measuring and understanding it. However, in general, the line of the beginning of hardship is drawn when the lack of fundamental means for subsistence is suffered.
In many cases it is a consequence of chronic unemployment, a very low level of income. In addition, the conditions of marginalization and significant social exclusion make social ascent and integration in terms of equality in the community more difficult . In other words, the poorer a person is, the harder it is to find opportunities to change their situation.
It is one of the main problems of the industrialized world , since it is due to other evils and sufferings in nations, in a world that exhibits deep inequalities. Although there seems to be no 100% effective methods to combat it, numerous institutions of all kinds are dedicated to their own plans to reduce it.
In fact, according to UN measurements , it is estimated that as of the year 2000 it was possible to curb the growth of poverty globally , which could be the beginning of the slow and long process of starting to reverse it.
It has always existed, since early societies, as it is a consequence of the unequal distribution of wealth , something that seems to nest within human societies forever. In fact, the word itself comes from the Latin pauper , which means “infertile”, probably associated with those who cultivated less generous land than those of others.
However, the existence of hardship is not due to simple causes, but is the result of a series of historical, social and cultural conditions that, on the other hand, afflict different societies in different ways.
For example, the colonialism of the European powers , which looted and subdued the other continents, can be seen as a causal factor for their former colonies to enter the modern world in unequal conditions, lack of resources, populations decimated by the war of independence .
Moreover, for the most part their economic systems were dependent, which soon translated into considerable margins of poverty. In fact, many of the former colonies are today part of the so-called Third World.
In addition, hardship often leads to significant educational deficiencies , including sexual and reproductive education, so that poor populations are more prone to early pregnancy and to the unplanned family. These conditions diminish their chances of overcoming and restart the cycle of marginalization and poverty, throughout generations.
Another cause of global hardship is the wars and territorial conflicts that leave those who suffer from them helpless: refugees, migrants or survivors, almost always reduced to poverty and forced to start from scratch, either in their devastated country or in a foreign country where they have nothing and nobody knows them.
The main distinction when talking about hardship is between critical poverty and extreme poverty, depending on the amount of vital deprivation that the person suffers:
On the other hand, the measurement of hardship levels distinguishes, according to the socioeconomic context, between two other categories: absolute poverty and relative poverty.
Hardship has significant consequences in the lives of people and in all nations, such as:
The hardship measurement carried out in 2012 by the World Bank agencies, showed the following figures:
Many international organizations fight poverty through large-scale initiatives, ranging from educational plans ( UNICEF ), medical and food aid (Doctors Without Borders, UN), or simply economic protection and international aid projects ( IMF , World Bank) .
Even so, the inequality between the nations of the developed world and those of the so-called Third World is so significant that there is no easy solution to the drama of poverty.
The Mexican population has less than 50% of citizens living below the international poverty line , according to World Bank terms. But it is estimated that, in terms of national measurement, the percentage of poverty in Mexico is very significant.
Thus, 76.9% of the total Mexican population lives in moderate hardship , 28.2% in relative poverty, 13.4% in absolute poverty and 1.8% in extreme or critical poverty.
These non-cumulative percentages come from the 2015 United Nations Human Development Report. All of the above translates into 87.7 million people living in moderate poverty; 33.6 million living in relative poverty; 15.2 million living in absolute poverty; and 2.2 million living in extreme poverty.
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