We explain what population growth is and the types of population growth. What are its causes and consequences.
Population growth or population growth is called the change in the number of inhabitants of a given geographical region over time. This term is often used to speak of humans, but it can also be used in the study of animal populations (by ecology and biology ). Population growth is, then, the increase (or decrease, if negative) in the total number of individuals over an established period of time.
The study of populations and their dynamics of population change allows us to offer reasons and theories regarding the growth or decrease of populations, as well as to foresee their consequences in the short, medium and long term. That is why it is the object of study of statistics and other specialized disciplines , as well as an important source of data to design social, economic, ecological policies, etc.
The world’s human population is a perfect example of sustained population growth, especially during the last century. Of being 2,600 million in 1950 (when the UN was still young), in 1987 the number of humans on the planet reached 5,000 million, in 1999 6,000 million and in 2015 7,300 million. It is expected that by 2030 this global figure will reach 8,500 million and in 2100 the 11,200 million, if current conditions were maintained.
In principle there are two types of population growth, one positive and one negative . There is talk of positive growth when the population of the analyzed region has increased during the period observed, that is, there are more settlers. And, logically, growth will be negative when the population has lost settlers, that is, it has shrunk.
The causes of population growth can be diverse, such as:
The increase in population can bring many advantages, but also problems and unexpected consequences, such as:
The population growth rate ( PGR ) is the index that indicates the growth or decrease in the number of individuals in a given geography during a specific period. Using official figures obtained from the local bureaucracy and registry apparatus, it can be determined by applying the following formula:
Growth rate = (final population – initial population) / initial population
A positive growth rate indicates an increase in the number of inhabitants , while a negative indicates a contraction in the population. In any case, the population variation can be expressed according to the growth rate, that is, the percentage of variation:
Growth ratio = Growth rate x 100%
In those cases where the growth rate is zero (0), we will be in the presence of a population in equilibrium: neither in population increase, nor in decrease. This means that birth and mortality are equated.
The population density indicates how much a specific territory is populated , assuming an average distribution of the population along its surface. The regions with the highest density are those with the least area per inhabitant, while the least populated will allocate a lot of surface to each.
The most densely populated countries should not be confused with those of greater population ; the former may have high densities due to their limited geographical dimensions, which allows them to have a relatively small population.
According to 2017 data, the seven most densely populated countries in the world are:
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