We explain what genetics is, what its history is and why it is so important. In addition, what is human genetics and genetic inheritance.
Genetics is a branch of biology that studies how physical characteristics and traits are transmitted from one generation to another . To understand this inheritance, examine the genes found in the body’s cells and that have a special code called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This code determines the physical appearance and the probability of contracting certain diseases.
Genes function as storage units and contain instructions on how cells must function to form proteins . These proteins are what give rise to all the characteristics of the individual. DNA is a protein that controls the structure and functioning of each cell and has the ability to create exact copies of itself. The RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule that performs the function of messenger DNA information.
Genetics is a science of the twentieth century (named in 1906 by William Bateson) that began with the rediscovery of the “laws of Mendel.” Certain conceptual advances of the 19th century were key to later genetic thinking, for example:
Genetics is a science that studies the transmission of the inherited characteristics of an organism , and its trajectory shows that it is a science of exponential growth. Their contributions on the evolution of the species and on giving solutions to congenital problems or diseases are their greatest advantage despite the fact that some experiments go hand in hand with controversies at an ethical and philosophical level, such as the cloning of animals.
Human genetics examines biological inheritance in humans through cells that are small living units that make up muscles, skin, blood, nerves, bones, organs and everything that makes up an organism . The humans arising from the union of two cells, an egg and a sperm, forming a new cell called “zygote” which is divided successively to form a baby with all its features and characteristics.
The human being has about 30,000 genes that contain the instructions that determine the growth, development and functioning of the organism. The genes are distributed in 23 pairs of chromosomes (or 46 chromosomes in total) within the cells. Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and RNA, that is, they have a sequence of chemical information that determines how the morphology and functioning of the organism will be.
The genetic inheritance is the transmission, through the existing information in the nucleus of the cells , of the anatomical, physiological or other characteristics, of a living being to its descendants. In order to know the genetic inheritance, the origin of the similarities between the members of the same family is not enough, but it is necessary to contemplate the genetic epidemiology (diseases of the ancestors) and the environment in which an individual interacts. The transmission of genetic material has the following characteristics:
There are different types of genetic inheritance that depend on discrete units called “genes.” Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes , one from the mother, and another from the father. Chromosomes are structures that contain genes and where there may be different forms of the same gene called “alleles.”
For example, in the eye color gene , an individual may inherit an allele from the father that determines that the eyes are blue and inherit a different one from the mother that indicates that the eyes are green. Therefore, the eye color of the individual will depend on the combination of alleles of the same gene . From this example, you can better understand the different types of genetic inheritance that are developed below.
Genetic variability is the modification of the genes of individuals of the same species that differ according to the population in which they live . For example, jaguars that inhabit Brazil are almost twice as large as those that inhabit Mexico, even though they belong to the same species. There are two main sources of genetic variation:
Genetic manipulation, or also called “genetic engineering”, focuses on the study of DNA in order to achieve its manipulation . It consists of a series of laboratory methods that allow you to modify the inherited characteristics of an organism to isolate genes or DNA fragments, clone them and introduce them into other genomes so that they are expressed. For example, when new genes are introduced into plants or animals, the resulting organisms are called “transgenic.”
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