We explain what is the competition in biology, examples and what is apparent competition. Definition of mutualism and predation.
In biology , there is talk of competence, that is, of biological competence, to refer to a specific type of relationship between living beings , in which both adapt to the presence of the other trying to obtain the greatest amount of benefit from the available resources , that is to say, in which both compete for the benefit, instead of collaborating for the mutual good.
This type of interactions can occur in terms of territory, food, water or even fertile couples to reproduce, either between individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or of different species (extra-specific).
Be that as it may, this competition dynamic benefits only its winners and sentences its losers to subalternity or, in the long run, to extinction. The latter is fundamental in evolution , since the pressure exerted by natural selection occurs under the principle of competitive exclusion: those suitable species survive and reproduce, and those little or not at all suitable, on the other hand, become extinct.
Thus, there are different types of biological competence, such as:
The competition can also cause evolutionary strategies in the species , as occurs when one of the two species changes its evolutionary niche in the presence of a stronger competitor, adapting to its presence and guaranteeing its survival.
Some simple examples of biological competence are the following:
The apparent competition takes place between the prey of the same predator , and its name is due to the fact that its beneficial effects for a species are only temporary. This is explained as follows: suppose a predator (shark) can feed on two different species (tuna and bream), and opt for one of them at a given time (bream). This would mean an apparent benefit to the other (tuna), which has been released from its competitor and thus can be reproduced instead.
However, when the population of this last species (tuna) increases, so will the population of the predator (shark), which has abundant food available, and as the population of the initially devoured prey (bream) is smaller, the predator will opt on the other (tuna), balancing populations. So, at the end of the day, the competition between them was not really a competition.
Mutualism is a form of biological interaction contrary to the logic of competition , since in it both species or both individuals benefit from relating. It is a form of mutual and reciprocal help, similar to symbiosis, in which organisms cooperate.
A simple example of mutualism is the tolerance shown by rhinos, hippos and other massive animals in the presence of certain wading birds on their loins . This is because birds devour ticks, mites, fungi or algae that can grow in inaccessible regions of your body, thus doing them a favor by cleaning them, but at the same time obtaining an easy and safe source of food.
Predation is the relationship between predators and prey , that is, one in which an organism hunts another, in order to consume its meat and thus feed on it. It is the usual way of feeding carnivorous animals, for example, which keeps the population of their prey at bay, avoiding overpopulation and preserving trophic balance, since predators are always larger and therefore less abundant than prey. .
Predators, on the other hand, can in turn be prey to other larger predators , transmitting matter and energy to higher trophic levels in the food pyramid.
Other important interspecific relationships are:
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