We explain what a wave is and the types of wave that exist. In addition, what are its parts and how this phenomenon can spread.
In physics , it is known as the wave to the propagation of energy (and not of mass) through space , by disturbing some of its physical properties, such as density , pressure , electric field or magnetic field. This phenomenon can occur in an empty space or in one that contains matter ( air , water , earth, etc.).
The waves are produced as a result of oscillations and vibrations of matter , propagating in time as described by the theory of waves, branch of physics responsible for understanding this phenomenon, very common in the universe . The propagation of waves is one of the fundamental physical phenomena .
According to the origin of the waves or the nature of the medium through which they propagate, then, the effects of their appearance and the characteristics they possess will depend. Thus, we can talk about light waves , sound, etc., each with physical properties and a different frequency , depending on how resistant or not the medium for its propagation and how much energy they carry.
Some waves, such as sound waves, cannot be transported in a vacuum. They therefore require a present physical environment. Others, such as microwaves, can do it perfectly and quickly: this is how artificial satellites that send information to Earth operate.
We can classify the waves according to different criteria, such as:
According to the medium in which they propagate . According to the medium we can distinguish between:
According to its periodicity . We can talk about periodic waves (it presents repetitive cycles in its production) or non-periodic (its cycles are irregular).
According to your address . They may be one-dimensional (they propagate through a single space dimension), two-dimensional (they propagate through two dimensions and are usually also called superficial ) and three-dimensional (they propagate in three dimensions and are usually called spherical
).According to the movement of the medium . They can be longitudinal waves (the particles of the medium move in the same direction in which the wave propagates) or transverse waves (the particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of propagation of the wave).
A wave is made up of the following parts:
As mentioned, the waves usually need a material medium to propagate, although some can do it perfectly in a vacuum. This depends on the nature of the wave.
For example, electromagnetic waves do not require a material medium to propagate , so they are a form of radiation. This is because they constitute alterations in the electric and magnetic fields of the particles, and they travel at very high speeds ( the speed of light , for example, 300,000 km / s).
On the other hand, mechanical waves require a physical means to propagate , such as water, a metal, air from the atmosphere or other elements and surfaces, provided they are capable of transmitting a ripple, as occurs in tremors or on the surface of the water when we throw a stone into a pond.
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