Maths

Types of Numbers – Definition, Properties, and Examples

In Mathematics, a number is an arithmetic value that is used to represent the quantity of an object. We are using numbers in our day-to-day life, such as counting money, time, things, and so on. We have different types of numbers in the number system. In this article, we are going to discuss the types of numbers in Maths, properties, and examples.

Types of Numbers in Maths

According to the properties and how they are represented in the number line, the numbers are classified into different types. Each classification of number is provided herewith with description, properties, and examples to understand it in a better way. The different types of numbers are as follows:

Natural Numbers

Natural numbers are also called “counting numbers” which contain a set of positive integers from 1 to infinity. The set of natural numbers is represented by the letter “N”. The natural number set is defined by:

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}

Examples: 35, 59, 110, etc.

Properties of Natural Numbers:

  • The addition of natural numbers is closed, associative, and commutative.
  • Natural Number multiplication is closed, associative, and commutative.
  • The identity element of a natural number under addition is zero.
  • The identity element of a natural number under Multiplication is one.

Whole Numbers

Whole numbers are also known as natural numbers with zero. The set consists of non-negative integers where it does not contain any decimal or fractional part. The whole number set is represented by the letter “W”. The natural number set is defined by:

W = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}

Examples: 67, 0, 49, 52, etc.

Properties of Whole Numbers:

  • Whole numbers are closed under addition and multiplication.
  • Zero is the additive identity element of the whole numbers.
  • 1 is the multiplicative identity element.
  • It obeys the commutative and associative properties of addition and multiplication.
  • It satisfies the distributive property of multiplication over addition and vice versa.

Learn more about whole numbers here.

Integers

Integers are defined as the set of all whole numbers with a negative set of natural numbers. The integer set is represented by the symbol “Z”. The set of integers is defined as:

Z =  {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

Examples: -52, 0, -1, 16, 82, etc.

Properties of Integers:

  • Integers are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
  • The commutative property is satisfied for the addition and multiplication of integers.
  • It obeys the associative property of addition and multiplication.
  • It obeys the distributive property for addition and multiplication.
  • The additive identity of integers is 0.
  • The multiplicative identity of integers is 1.

Real Numbers

Any number such as positive integers, negative integers, fractional numbers or decimal numbers without imaginary numbers is called a real number. It is represented by the letter “R”.

Examples: ¾, 0.333, √2, 0, -10, 20, etc.

Properties of Real Numbers:

  • Real Numbers are commutative, associated, and distributive under addition and multiplication.
  • Real numbers obey the inverse property.
  • Additive and multiplicative identity elements of real numbers are 0 and 1, respectively.

Rational Numbers

Any number that can be written in the form of p/q, i.e., a ratio of one number over another number is known as a rational number. A rational number can be represented by the letter “Q”.

Examples: 7/1, 10/2, 1/1, 0/1, etc.

Properties of Rational Numbers:

  • Rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
  • It satisfies commutative and associative properties under addition and multiplication.
  • It obeys distributive property for addition and subtraction.

Irrational Numbers

The number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q. It means a number that cannot be written as the ratio of one over another is known as an irrational number. It is represented by the letter ”P”.

Examples: √2, π, Euler’s constant, etc

Properties of Irrational Numbers:

  • Irrational numbers do not satisfy the closure property.
  • It obeys commutative and associative properties under addition and multiplication.
  • Irrational Numbers are distributive under addition and subtraction.

Complex Numbers

A number that is in the form of a+bi is called a complex number, where “a and b” should be a real number and “i” is an imaginary number.

Examples: 4 + 4i, -2 + 3i, 1 +√2i, etc

Properties of Complex Numbers:

The following properties hold for the complex numbers:

  • Associative property of addition and multiplication.
  • Commutative property of addition and multiplication.
  • Distributive property of multiplication over addition.

Imaginary Numbers

The imaginary numbers are categorized under complex numbers. It is the product of real numbers with the imaginary unit “i”. The imaginary part of the complex numbers is defined by Im (Z).

Examples: √2, i2, 3i, etc.

Properties of Imaginary Numbers:

Imaginary Numbers has an interesting property. It cycles through 4 different values each time when it is under multiplication operation.

  • 1 × i = i
  • i × i = -1
  • -1 × i = -i
  • -i × i = 1

So, we can write the imaginary numbers as:

  • i = √1
  • i2 = -1
  • i3 = -i
  • i4 = +1
  • i4n = 1
  • i4n-1= -i

Keep visiting BYJU’S – The Learning App and download the app from the Google Play Store to learn Maths-related concepts with ease.

Types of numbers
  • Natural Numbers (N), (also called positive integers, counting numbers, or natural numbers); They are the numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
  • Whole Numbers (W). …
  • Integers (Z). …
  • Rational numbers (Q). …
  • Real numbers (R), (also called measuring numbers or measurement numbers).

Basic theoretical information

Types of numbers

To the table of contents …

Natural numbers are numbers used to count objects. Natural numbers are positive integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 … It is important that the number 0 is not natural. The set of integers is denoted N.

Integers are numbers that can be obtained from the natural by addition, subtraction, and multiplication. The set of integers is denoted Z. The set of integers is greater than the set of natural numbers. This means that if a number is natural, then it is guaranteed to be an integer, but not vice versa. The integer is not necessarily natural.

Rational numbers are numbers that are represented by an ordinary fraction of the form m / n, where integers are in the numerator and denominator. The set of rational numbers denoted Q. The set of rational numbers is greater than the set of integers. This means that if a number is an integer, then it is guaranteed to be rational, but not vice versa. A rational number is not necessarily an integer.

Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be represented as an ordinary fraction of the form m / n, where integers are in the numerator and denominator. Irrational numbers are, for example, the roots of their “bad” numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by j.

Real numbers are all rational and irrational numbers. It denotes the set of real numbers R. The set of real numbers is greater than the set of natural, integer, rational and irrational numbers.

Simple numbers are natural numbers, which are divided completely into only 1 and into themselves. The sequence of prime numbers starts like this: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 … It is important that the number 1 is not simple. Among the primes, there is a single even number, 2. All other primes are odd.

Composite numbers are natural numbers that are not prime. It is important that the number 1 is not composite. Any composite number can be decomposed into a product of prime numbers, and the only way. In this expansion, the obtained prime numbers are called prime factors.

Co-prime numbers are integers that have no common integer divisors, except for 1 and –1. For example, the numbers 14 and 25 are mutually simple, and the numbers 15 and 25 are not, since they have a common divisor 5.

Opposite numbers are numbers that give a total of 0. For example, the opposite numbers are 5 and –5.

Inverse numbers are numbers that give in product 1. For example, inverse numbers are 5 and 1/5.

To write down a number in the standard form means to move the comma so that there is only one digit in front of it (not zero) and multiply it by 10 to some extent. The formula of the number, written in the standard form

 :

Divisibility of numbers, GCD, and NOC

Signs of divisibility of numbers:

  • The number is divisible by 2 if it is even. For example, the number 1884 is divisible by 2, since it is even.
  • A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. For example, the number 16482 is divisible by 3, since the sum of its digits 1 + 6 + 4 + 8 + 2 = 21 is divisible by 3.
  • A number is divisible by 4 if a number composed of its last two digits is divisible by 4. For example, the number 42852 is divisible by 4, since the number 52 is divisible by 4.
  • A number is divisible by 5 if it ends in 5 or 0. For example, the number 53165 is divisible by 5, as it ends in 5.
  • A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3 at the same time, that is, it is even, and the sum of its digits is divided by 3. For example, the number 27366 is divisible by 6, because it is even, and the sum of its digits is 2 + 7 + 3 + 6 + 6 = 24 divided by 3.
  • The number is divisible by 7 if the triple number of tens combined with the number of units is divided by 7. For example, the number 1001 is divided by 7, because it contains 100 tens, and the number 3×100 + 1 = 301 is divided by 7. Why? Because there are 30 dozens in it, and the number 3×30 + 1 = 91 is divisible by 7. Why? Because there are 9 dozen in it, and the number 3×9 + 1 = 28 is divided by 7.
  • A number is divisible by 8 if a number made up of its last three digits is divisible by 8. For example, the number 851208 is divisible by 8, since the number 208 is divisible by 8.
  • A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. For example, the number 19765242 is divisible by 9, since the sum of its digits 1 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 2 + 4 + 2 = 36 is divisible by 9.
  • A number is divisible by 10 if it ends in 0. For example, the number 13287654810 is divisible by 10.
  • The number is divisible by 11 if the sum of its digits standing in even places is equal to the sum of digits standing in odd places, or these sums differ by 11, 22, 33 … For example, the number 81752 divides into 11, since the sum of its digits standing on odd places, it is equal to 8 + 7 + 2 = 17, and the sum of the figures standing in even places is 1 + 5 = 6. Numbers 17 and 6 differ by 11.

The smallest common multiple (LCM) of two integers is the smallest positive integer, which is divided without a balance into both these numbers. Denoted by LCM ( m; n ). For example, LCM (16; 20) = 80.

The smallest common multiple (NOC) of several integers is the smallest positive integer that is divided without a remainder by all these numbers.

The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers is the largest of their common divisors. It is denoted by GCD ( m; n ). For example, GCD (16; 20) = 4.

To find the NOC and GCD of two numbers, it is necessary to decompose each of the numbers into prime factors. Next, find duplicate factors. Then the LCM will be equal to the product of all prime factors of each of the numbers taken in the number in which they are found in the expansion of each number the greatest number of times. GCD will be equal to the product of all prime dividers that are common to each of the numbers.

Rounding Rules

The basic rule of rounding.  When rounding, you must write the number as a decimal and round with the necessary accuracy, observing the rule: if the first number to be rounded is equal to or greater than 5, then the number is rounded up. If the first number to be rounded is less than 5, then the number is rounded down.

Additional rounding methods:

  • If it is necessary to round a number with an excess, then it is rounded up, regardless of the basic rule.
  • If you want to round a number with a disadvantage, it is rounded down, regardless of the basic rule.

Textual tasks for movement and work

The most important quantities describing motion are the path L, the velocity v, and the time t. They are related to each other by the formula:

When using this formula, do not forget to reduce all values ​​to the same type of units. For example, if the speed in a task is measured in km / h, then the path should be measured in kilometers, and time – in hours. When translating you, of course, remember that 1 hour is 60 minutes or 3600 seconds. And in one meter 10 decimeters, 100 centimeters, or 1000 millimeters. At one kilometer of 1000 meters.

The following observations should be taken into account in the movement tasks:

  • First, if the bodies meet, then we must guess that at the time of the meeting they are at one point in space.
  • Secondly, if the bodies began to move at the same time, then the times of their movements are the same. And if one of the bodies began to move at, say, 1 hour after the second, then the time of movement of the second body is t, and the time of movement of the first body is ( t –1) since it began to move later, therefore, it moves for a shorter time.

The most important quantities describing the performance are work A, performance P, and time t. They are related to each other by the formula:

When using this formula, do not forget to reduce all values ​​to the same type of units. For example, if the machine productivity in a task is measured in detail per hour, then the work should be measured in detail, and time – in hours. If productivity is measured in kilograms per day, then the work must be converted to kilograms, and time – in days.

In joint work tasks, the following points should be considered:

  • First, if workers do the work at the same time, their productivity is summed up, and
    the work done will add up to the total work.
  • Secondly, if workers began to work simultaneously, then the times of their work are the same. And if one of the workers started working for, say, 1 hour after the second, then the second employee’s work time is t, and the first employee’s work time is ( t –1) since he started working later, therefore, moves for a shorter time.
  • Often, if the amount of work is not explicitly specified, you can take it as a conventional unit.

Interest

The percentage is one-hundredth of the number. For example, 1 is 1% of 100. It is often convenient in tasks to express the values ​​given in percent as percentages. So, for example, 20% of a certain value is twenty-one-hundredths, or two-tenths, i.e. 0.2 of the same value. Or 73% is 0.73. And so on. It is also important to understand, for example, that if a certain value is reduced by 24%, then this means that 76% or 0.76 of the initial value remains from it. If the value is increased, say by 32%, this means that in the end, it was 132% or 1.32 of the initial value.
Leave a Comment
Share
Published by
Uzair Alvi
5 years ago

Recent Posts

The Fascinating World of Cryptocurrency: Unlocking the Future of Finance

Cryptocurrency has captivated the world since Bitcoin's mysterious arrival in 2009. It began as a…

3 months ago

Marie Dee Coo Model Age Biography

Hello, Guys Welcome to our Website. Today we will give you information about a Famous…

11 months ago

Examples Of Alkenes And Characteristics In Chemistry

Alkenes are chemical elements with double bonds or carbon double bonds. Its general formula is…

11 months ago

20 Examples Of Logical Semantics

Logical semantics is a branch of logic that focuses on studying the meaning of statements…

11 months ago

Game Boy Advance Apk

The Game Boy Advance (GBA) was a popular handheld gaming system developed using the Game…

11 months ago

Soft Puzzle Drop The Slime Apk

Soft Puzzle - Drop The Slime APK - Simple and Easy! But that's why this…

11 months ago

Tags

5 Examples Of Alkenes Alkanes vs Alkenes Differences Key Characteristics Of Alkenes