We explain what a rainbow is and the types of rainbows that exist. How it forms, why it has seven colors and places with more rainbows.
The rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon and is presented in the form of a multicolored arc of light , by the refraction of sunlight (white light) in the raindrops that are suspended in the atmosphere . In its most intense manifestation you can see the seven colors : red at the top or outside and successively orange, yellow, green, cyan (or turquoise), blue and violet at the bottom or inside.
The types of rainbows depend on different atmospheric conditions that influence the projection mode of the light arc, and the main ones include:
However, for the scientific environment the classification of rainbows is even more thorough . A study published in 2015 by the National Meteorological Research Center of France, headed by researcher Jean Ricard, establishes that there are twelve different types of rainbows and that this classification includes the amount of visible colors, the projection of multiple arcs and the alteration of the Sky color between each arch. All these parameters establish small differences between the types of rainbows described above.
The rainbow is formed by the decomposition of a ray of light that passes through a drop of water suspended in the atmosphere. When a ray of light crosses a surface that divides two spaces of different densities (in this case, the atmosphere air and the water drop), the ray refracts its path, that is, the path angle is bent or slightly changed . It is then reflected (bounces) on one of the faces inside the drop and, when leaving, the ray of light is refracted again.
The rainbow can appear in any place where there is humidity in the air , for example, near the splashes of a river or by the dew of the sea, and with the sun located in a specific position: less than 42º above the horizon. The observer must be located facing the raindrops and with the Sun behind him.
The ray of light that crosses the drop of water generates a decomposition of white light in different wavelengths. These lengths are different from each other and give rise to the different colors of the rainbow. This concept of the “decomposition of light” was demonstrated by Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century , through an experiment with a glass prism that was pierced by a ray of sunlight. He verified that the white light was formed by bands of colors that could be separated and displayed individually (as is the case with the rainbow).
Among the places where rainbows are most visible, the following stand out:
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