We explain what oil is, its origin and how this hydrocarbon is formed. In addition, its properties and various uses.
Oil is called a bituminous substance, dark in color and viscous texture , composed of a mixture of organic hydrocarbons insoluble in water , also known as black or raw gold . Its physical properties (color, density) may, however, be diverse, depending on the concentration of hydrocarbons present, which includes the following:
Given its complex chemical composition, oil is a non-renewable natural resource of enormous economic value, as a raw material for various organic materials (obtained in the petrochemical industry) and various solvents, additives and, above all, fossil fuels.
Therefore, it is massively extracted from its place of formation: the subsoil. By means of extraction facilities known as wells, their deposits (usually close to those of natural gas) are located in the lower layers of the subsoil, and the liquid is extracted using various techniques, according to the nature of the soil and the geographical arrangement, which it can be on firm land or on the seabed or rivers, lakes, etc.
The commercialization of oil is the main economic activity of many countries such as Venezuela , Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq or Iran, most of which organize their oil production around the guidelines of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Founded in 1960 and currently based in Vienna, Austria.
Petroleum is considered a hydrocarbon of fossil origin , that is, due to the accumulation of large amounts of organic matter millions of years ago, such as zooplankton and algae from dried out lake regions over the centuries, whose anoxic bottoms (without oxygen) were buried under layers of sediment.
Under these conditions, the pressure and heat would have caused chemical and physical transformation processes (natural cracking) that would produce as a product various substances: bitumen, natural gases and other hydrocarbons such as oil.
There is also another theory about its origin, which is attributed to abiogenetic sources (not from organic matter). This theory is not completely ruled out, but it has the support of the minority of the students of the subject, since it cannot explain many of the contents present in the oil without previous presence of living beings .
The exact chemical processes that result in oil are still unknown, but it is known that its formation is linked to geological
traps (oil traps), which are subsoil structures conducive to the accumulation of oil, keeping it trapped and unable to escape to the pores of an underground permeable rock (storage rock), or other similar structures. Thus arise the oil fields.Oil is, as stated, one liquid , viscous, dense color tending to black or yellow (according to its concentration of hydrocarbons), with an unpleasant odor (product of sulphates and nitrogen) and enormous power caloric ( 11000 Kcalories per Kilogram). These properties will vary according to the type of oil we are talking about: paraffin based (fluids), asphalt base (viscous) and mixed base (both).
Petroleum is a powerful source of industrial materials, from which solvents , fuels, fuels, alcohols and plastics are obtained . To do this, the crude oil must be subjected to various refining and distillation processes (fractional distillation), in order to separate and extract its ingredients.
Progressively heated from 20 ° C to 400 ° C, the oil separates in the following phases:
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