We explain what matter is in physics and what are its main characteristics. In addition, the states in which it is presented and its structure.
According to the physics approach , matter is nothing more than any substance endowed with its own mass and capable of occupying a space at a given time. All physical objects are thus composed of matter , which is equivalent to saying that they are composed of atoms , the minimum and indivisible units of matter, or in some particular cases, by subatomic elements such as protons or electrons (fermionic matter, bosonic matter, etc).
The notion of matter within the field of physics has been defined and redefined over the centuries, since ancient times when the notion of atoms first emerged, until the times of Sir Isaac Newton and, much more recently, those of Albert Einstein. In that sense, the discovery of subatomic matter and the inauguration of particle physics has been the most revolutionary event in the field when thinking about matter.
Therefore, the initial definition of matter we gave was sufficient for the classical branches of physics, but it is problematic within the field of quantum mechanics , where the notions of “mass” and “space” are much more complicated. Perhaps that is why it is preferable to define matter as the result of reactions and the properties of basic components,that is,of atoms.
As it has been said before, matter is expected to have certain specific properties, such as mass and volume , that is, that they always occupy a specific space-time region. This means that matter has measurable properties, such as proportions (length, width, height) , density , weight , hardness, fluidity, malleability, and a huge etcetera. To know matter is to understand precisely its physical properties, radically different from those of, for example, energy .
On the other hand, matter must be in one of the known states or phases , according to the distribution and grouping of its particles . This gives us essentially solid, liquid and gaseous matter, although also plasma (ionized gas) or other more complex forms of matter that have been achieved in advanced fields of physics, or simply theorized.
Such is the case with antimatter , for example, which would be the matter composed of antiparticles, that is, atomic forms of a sign contrary to that of ordinary matter, which, when coming into contact with the latter, causes their mutual annihilation.
There are three main states of matter, according to physics: the solid, the liquid and the gaseous, although there are also other less frequent ones, such as plasma or fermionic condensates, reproducible only in the laboratory. Each physical state has different characteristics and is due to the junction or remoteness of the particles of a substance.
Matter can be transformed from one state to another , only by altering the temperature and pressure conditions at which it is found. Its chemical properties, however, will remain the same.
All known matter is composed of indivisible and submicroscopic units, called atoms . Atoms can be of different types, according to the chemical elements known and expressed in the Periodic Table , and they differ from each other as a result of their properties, but also of their composition, since all atoms are composed of the same type of particles subatomic:
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